Introduction

Luxembourg City, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a compact European capital with a population of 136,000 inhabitants. Founded in 963 on the Bock cliff, the city is built across several levels at the confluence of the Alzette and Pétrusse rivers, featuring dramatic cliff faces and deep gorges spanned by numerous bridges. The city's old quarters and fortifications are UNESCO World Heritage listed, earning it the historical nickname "Gibraltar of the North" due to its once-impregnable fortress. Today, Luxembourg City serves as one of the European Union's capitals, hosting numerous EU institutions and a thriving financial sector. The city is notably multicultural, home to 167 different nationalities, with foreigners making up 70.4% of its population. Since February 2020, all public transport in Luxembourg has been free for both residents and visitors, making it exceptionally accessible for tourists exploring its blend of medieval heritage and modern architecture.

Luxembourg is also home to several EU institutions, such as the European Court of Justice, the European Investment Bank, the Secretariat of the European Parliament and parts of the European Commission. They are all located in the suburb of Kirchberg, east of the city centre.

Interesting Facts about Luxembourg City

• The city's old quarters and fortifications are a UNESCO World Heritage Site, showcasing its impressive past as one of Europe's greatest fortified sites.
• Beneath Luxembourg City lies a vast network of underground tunnels called casemates, stretching over 17 kilometres, which were used as shelters during World War II.
• The city serves as one of the de facto capitals of the European Union, hosting several important EU institutions.
• The city is divided into 24 quarters, each with its own distinct character and charm.
• Luxembourg City boasts an impressive number of green spaces, with large areas maintained as parks and forested areas.
• The city is home to the restaurant with the world's longest wine list, as recognised by Guinness World Records.
• Luxembourg City was the first capital in the world to offer free nationwide public transport to everyone.

History

Luxembourg City's history began in 963 when Count Siegfried acquired a promontory overlooking a river through an exchange with Saint Maximin Abbey in Trier, where he built a castle called Lucilinburhuc ("small castle"). The location was strategically chosen for its defendability, proximity to water, and position on a major trade route between Trier and Reims. The city grew from a marketplace that developed around the Church of the Redemption, consecrated in 987. Throughout its history, Luxembourg passed through the hands of various European powers, including the Burgundians in 1443, the Spanish Habsburgs, the French under Louis XIV in 1684, and the Austrians in 1714. The city's fortifications, which earned it the nickname "Gibraltar of the North", covered 177 hectares while the city itself only occupied 127 hectares. The fortress was continuously strengthened until its dismantling in 1867 following the Treaty of London. Luxembourg City endured two German occupations during both World Wars (1914-1918 and 1940-1944), with the Nazis even renaming its streets with German names. Today, the city serves as one of the capitals of the European Union, hosting several key institutions including the European Court of Justice and the European Investment Bank. In 1921, the city expanded significantly by incorporating the communes of Dommeldange, Eich, Hamm, Hollerich, and Rollingergrund. The city made history by becoming the first European city to be designated as European Capital of Culture twice, in 1995 and 2007.

Grand-Ducal Palace in Luxembourg City

Attractions

Most of the sights are to be found in the upper old town and lower old town (known as 'the Grund'). The upper part comprised between the Grand-Rue, the Chemin de la Corniche and the Boulevard Roosevelt, is the commercial centre, with the ducal palace, brand shops, restaurants, cafés, ministries and ... banks!

The old quarters of the Grund lying along the Alzette at the bottom of the cliff are ideal for strolls by good weather. The area was added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1994, and with its well-preservered city wall and its beguiling architecture it is not difficult to see why.

Old Quarter

The UNESCO World Heritage-listed Old Quarter is the perfect starting point for exploring Luxembourg City. This historic area is a maze of charming streets, elegant buildings, and picturesque squares. As you wander through its cobblestone lanes, you'll be transported back in time, marvelling at the well-preserved medieval architecture.

Chemin de la Corniche

Often referred to as "Europe's most beautiful balcony", the Chemin de la Corniche is a pedestrian promenade that offers breathtaking views of the Alzette Valley and the lower town of Grund. This scenic walk along the city's ancient fortifications provides an excellent opportunity to appreciate Luxembourg's unique topography and stunning cityscape.

Bock Casemates

The Bock Casemates are a network of underground tunnels carved into the city's rocky cliffs. These 17th-century fortifications played a crucial role in Luxembourg's defence and now offer visitors a fascinating glimpse into the city's military history. Exploring these atmospheric passages is a must for history enthusiasts and those seeking unique experiences.

Grand Ducal Palace

The official residence of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg, the Grand Ducal Palace, is a magnificent example of Flemish Renaissance architecture. While the palace is typically closed to the public, guided tours are available during the summer months, offering a rare opportunity to explore the opulent interiors and learn about Luxembourg's monarchy.

Notre-Dame Cathedral

This stunning Gothic Revival cathedral, built in the 17th century, is one of Luxembourg City's most iconic landmarks. Its impressive architecture, beautiful stained-glass windows, and peaceful atmosphere make it a must-visit attraction for both religious and architectural enthusiasts.

Adolphe Bridge

The Adolphe Bridge, an architectural marvel completed in 1903, was once the world's largest stone arch bridge. This elegant structure spans the Pétrusse Valley and offers spectacular views of the city. It's not only a vital transport link but also a symbol of Luxembourg's engineering prowess.

Grund District

The charming Grund district, nestled in the valley below the old town, is one of Luxembourg City's most picturesque areas. With its well-preserved historic buildings, quaint streets, and the tranquil Alzette River flowing through it, Grund offers a peaceful retreat from the bustle of the upper town.

Pfaffenthal Panoramic Lift

For a unique perspective of Luxembourg City, take a ride on the Pfaffenthal Panoramic Lift. This glass elevator connects the upper and lower parts of the city, offering breathtaking 360-degree views during the 71-metre ascent or descent.

Place d'Armes

Known as the "City's Living Room", Place d'Armes is a bustling square in the heart of Luxembourg City. Surrounded by cafés and restaurants, it's the perfect spot to relax, people-watch, and soak up the local atmosphere.

Wenzel Walk

The Wenzel Walk is a scenic trail that takes you through 1000 years of Luxembourg's history. This circular route offers stunning views of the city's fortifications, valleys, and historic landmarks, providing an excellent overview of Luxembourg's rich heritage.

By exploring these attractions, you'll gain a deep appreciation for Luxembourg City's unique charm, rich history, and stunning landscapes. Remember to wear comfortable shoes, as the city's hilly terrain and numerous viewpoints are best explored on foot.

Top Museums

National Museum of History and Art (MNHA)

Located in the heart of the old town, the MNHA showcases Luxembourg's history from prehistoric times to the present day. The museum houses an extensive collection of archaeological artifacts, artworks, and historical objects.

Luxembourg City History Museum

Situated in a former refuge of Orval Abbey, this museum tells the story of Luxembourg City's development from its origins as a Roman settlement to its current status as a modern European capital. It features models, archaeological finds, and temporary exhibitions.

MUDAM Luxembourg (Musée d'Art Moderne Grand-Duc Jean)

Designed by renowned architect Ieoh Ming Pei, MUDAM is Luxembourg's premier contemporary art museum. Located in the modern Kirchberg district, it showcases cutting-edge artworks and exhibitions in a stunning architectural setting.

Casino Luxembourg - Forum d'art contemporain

This contemporary art center, housed in a former casino, hosts temporary exhibitions throughout the year, emphasizing the diversity and complexity of current artistic approaches.

National Museum of Natural History (Natur musée)

The Natur musée offers an exploration of natural sciences through permanent and temporary exhibitions. It also provides lectures, guided tours, and workshops for all ages.

Villa Vauban

This art museum exhibits 18th and 19th-century paintings acquired from private collections, focusing on European art with an emphasis on Luxembourgish artists.

Museum Dräi Eechelen

Located in a restored fortress overlooking the city, this museum focuses on Luxembourg's military history, presenting exhibitions on topics such as fortress construction and the role of the military in the country's history.

These museums form part of the "MuseumSmile," a cultural route connecting seven institutions across Luxembourg City. With their diverse offerings and close proximity to one another, these museums provide an excellent opportunity for visitors to immerse themselves in Luxembourg's rich cultural heritage and contemporary art scene.

Local Cuisine

Luxembourg City's culinary scene is a delightful fusion of French, German, and local influences, offering a rich tapestry of flavours for food enthusiasts. The city's signature dish, Judd mat Gaardebounen, a hearty combination of smoked pork collar and broad beans, perfectly encapsulates the robust nature of Luxembourgish cuisine. Visitors should not miss the opportunity to sample Gromperekichelcher, crispy potato fritters often served with apple sauce, which are particularly popular during festive events. For those seeking a more refined experience, Bouchée à la Reine, a delicate puff pastry filled with a creamy chicken or seafood mixture, showcases the city's French culinary influences. The local markets, especially the Luxembourg City Market held on Wednesdays and Saturdays, offer an excellent opportunity to taste these traditional dishes alongside fresh produce and artisanal products. To complement your meal, indulge in a glass of Crémant, Luxembourg's sparkling wine, which rivals its French counterpart in quality and taste.

Shopping

The city centre boasts charming pedestrian areas, particularly around the Grand Duke's palace, where shoppers can stroll through picturesque streets lined with a mix of international brands, elegant luxury boutiques, and local shops. For those seeking a more modern shopping experience, the capital boasts several impressive shopping centres, including the recently opened Royal-Hamilius in the Vieille Ville, the Cloche d'Or Shopping Center in Gasperich, and the Kirchberg Shopping Center. These malls house a wide array of shops, from high-street favourites to designer labels, as well as restaurants and entertainment options. Visitors should note that most shops in Luxembourg City are open from Monday to Saturday, with extended hours in some of the larger malls, whilst Sunday shopping is limited to a few select dates throughout the year, typically around the Christmas period.

Nature in and around Luxembourg

Luxembourg City is a remarkable blend of urban life and natural beauty, with over a quarter of its surface area dedicated to green spaces. The city's green heart is the Pétrusse Valley, which serves as its verdant lung, featuring stunning rock formations and historic Vauban fortifications. The Edouard André Municipal Park, an English landscape garden created between 1871 and 1878, offers a peaceful retreat in the city centre with centuries-old trees and delightful flower beds. Along the Alzette river, the charming Grund district boasts lovely tree-lined areas and the Klouschtergaart garden, where vegetables, medicinal plants, and even vines flourish in a unique microclimate. For those seeking larger natural spaces, the city is surrounded by extensive forested areas, including the Bambësch Forest, which covers 697 hectares and is part of the prestigious Natura 2000 network of European protected habitats.

Getting Around

Luxembourg City boasts an extensive and efficient public transport network that is entirely free for all users, making it an ideal way to explore the capital. The city is served by 31 regular bus lines, operated by Autobus de la Ville de Luxembourg (AVL), which connect various districts and even extend to neighbouring municipalities. A modern tram line, introduced in 2017, forms the backbone of the public transport system, linking key areas such as Kirchberg and the central station. For night owls, there are eight "City Night Bus" lines operating on Friday and Saturday nights, covering most of the city. Visitors can easily plan their journeys using the Mobiliteit app or website, which provides real-time updates and route planning services. With its comprehensive coverage and cost-free travel, Luxembourg City's public transport system offers a convenient and sustainable way for tourists to navigate the city and its surroundings.

Best Time to Visit

The best time to visit Luxembourg City is typically from late spring to early autumn, specifically from May to September. During this period, the weather is generally pleasant, with mild temperatures ranging from 16°C to 19°C, making it ideal for outdoor exploration and sightseeing. The city comes alive with vibrant festivals and events, such as the National Day celebrations in June and the Schueberfouer funfair in August. Whilst summer months can be busier with tourists, they offer longer daylight hours and numerous outdoor activities. For those seeking a quieter experience with equally charming scenery, consider visiting in May or September when the crowds are thinner, and you can enjoy either the spring blooms or the stunning autumn foliage.