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"Cow" read and read for a long time, and left .... cow dung))) "Go Cows!" Nevertheless, the fundamental question is what initiated the Uruk's Expansion, which was followed by the Yamnaya Culture and the so-called Indo-European migrations... I think the IE problem itself has no solution without...

One question: is it necessary to separate the history of Sumer from the "Uruk’s expansion"? Let's take a retrospective look at the events connected with this history... Most likely, the Yamnaya culture was initiated by this mysterious expansion. There we see the merger of the R1b and J2 genetic...

Two ways are possible here. 1. Cultural induction, when, for example, the IE community R1a in different places became the successor of the Yamnaya Culture R1b. 2. When a community of cultural treggers R1b managed to spread its culture over huge distances, being in the minority among other peoples

Apparently yes, this is a convention that can mislead a non-professional ...

The difference between the ceramic dishes made in the Paleolithic and the Neolithic is colossal. In the latter case, we have a stable industrial production, where ceramics were fired in kilns in large quantities. The same furnaces later came in handy in metallurgy... Therefore, history is...

Otherwise, the question arises: by whom, for what and under what conditions were these mythical "hunters and gatherers" included in the Yamnaya culture??? The stupidity of this term in articles on paleogenetics is simply obvious! This question is also important for understanding how the...

Every time I see the words “hunter-gatherer culture” in this thread, the question arises: could they form any socio-religious communities? This requires at least either agriculture or pastoral nomadism. It is doubtful that such a serious socio-religious community as the Yamnaya culture could...

Here the question arises about ethnogenesis, which has its own stages of development. Usually, 1000 years after the emergence, the ethnos is in the stage of degradation...

Yamnaya Culture - 3300 BC. This is 1000 years later than 4300 BC. That's a LOT for migrations...

Göbekli Tepe, the beginning of all beginnings... All the religions that arose after, why do they practice sacrifices? But why??? What is the meaning of this from a material point of view? Nothing for a primitive hunter and gatherer!!! Caught, collected and eaten! GT reveals to us the world's...

DNA Y R1a-Z93 ("R1a1a1d2a") - only ONE sample! The situation is further complicated by the fact that only the elite were buried in well-researched burial mounds - R1b Willingly assume that somewhere scattered single low-profile graves with R1a. In any case, the question is very interesting. But...

It is interesting that in prehistoric evolution we observe formally two opposite processes: 1. The disaggregation of certain global genetic communities up to the formation of ethnic groups. 2. Consolidation of social societies according to the scheme tribe-village-city-state-empire. At the same...

In principle, it is natural that, in the end, formed ethnic groups stand out from certain global communities. This corresponds to the nature of the phylogenetic tree. Here the history of the prehistoric world is marked with genetic markers. It is interesting to highlight the stages of this process!

Nevertheless, we see communities of people marked genetically and leading very different lifestyles... How to be? You are absolutely right, these are not yet ethnic groups, but certain communities that need to be defined somehow.

It's an interesting situation! The fact is that Yamnaya Culture is exclusively R1a with a very small admixture of R1b, and Yamnaya Culture is exclusively R1b and a little J2. And the Corded Culture itself was formed after the Yamnaya Culture, under its influence. Archaeologists also note the...

But it seems that mostly different types of animals are mixed on one stele.

Certainly! I only wanted to emphasize the continuity of the tradition from GT in later times. In addition to "drunken holidays", we also meet in ancient Egypt the system of "national projects", when the pharaoh collects taxes, and then, as a "generous giver", distributes bread and beer in...

Perhaps one more note about the drawings on the pillars in the GT ... In addition to the usual fauna, where we see foxes and wild boars that are found in the forest-steppe (!), We see strange images of vulture birds with balls (skulls?). In Catal Huyuk, the cult of vultures is of great...

By the way, there are theories all the time that grain domestication always had to get beer first! And only then did the selection of cereals begin to produce a crop in order to make bread. For example, the first ears of corn in Mexico were too small to harvest grain. So, they were rather grown...

Good idea! In the pre-ceramic era, food was often cooked in water by throwing red-hot stones into it. Perhaps these baths are the case... And then, it follows that GT was not just a temple/grain storage/trading platform for buying and selling obsidian, but also a public kitchen and canteen! And...