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Tomenable, I've been studying this for many years now. From the summary on page 133 of The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews (2022): "...multiple Ashkenazic maternal haplogroups (H3p, K1a1b1a, K1a9, K2a2a1, and L2a1l2a) exist among ethnic Poles as the result of Jewish conversions to...

The haplogroup Q-Y2197 cluster isn't rare. It's found in Ashkenazi Jews, Iraqi Jews, Turkish Jews, Moroccan Jews, Mexican Catholics, and others and there are significant numbers of testers with it at https://www.yfull.com/tree/Q-Y2197/ and https://discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/Q-Y2197/story

True, Nicu. What we realize now is that only a portion of the Khazars ever converted to Judaism, including some (not all) members of the royal family and some governors and generals and other individuals, and out of those only a portion remained Jewish after the Khazar kingdom fell in the 960s...

More clarity about Ashkenazic ancestry I'm responding to some points you've discussed in this Jewish ancestry thread. The details are in my 2022 peer-reviewed study The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews, published in book form. The main purpose of this book is to provide better...

N1'5 means ancestral to both N1 and N5. It does seem to be rare. I'm not sure if you know this yet but MW344641 is a GenBank sample collected from a resident of the United Kingdom for the study 'Mitochondrial DNA abnormalities provide mechanistic insight and predict reactive oxygen...

The Greek colony of Himera in ancient Sicily was the home and gravesite of sample I20168, an old adult male civilian from the local population whose mtDNA haplogroup was J1b1a1. This is from Dataset S2 of the recent study "The diverse genetic origins of a Classical period Greek army" by Laurie...

The study "The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool" by Joscha Gretzinger, Duncan Sayer, et al. in Nature (September 21, 2022) includes two pre-modern mtDNA haplogroup J1c4 carriers from the RAF Lakenheath site in Suffolk, England. Sample codes LAK010 and...

In a new study, "Kazak mitochondrial genomes provide insights into the human population history of Central Eurasia" by Ayken Askapuli, Miguel Vilar, et al. in PLoS ONE 17(11) (November 29, 2022): e0277771 in Supplementary Table 2, one female carrier of mtDNA haplogroup N9a3 was identified among...